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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | Oxen are the first draught animals, in use at this time in the Middle East and in Europe | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | In Mesopotamia, and on the grass steppes of southern Russia, oxen are used to pull heavy loads on sledges | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | | Trade is carried on from Crete round the Mediterranean as far west as Sicily and in the east down to Egypt | |
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| c. 1200 BC |
| | | Palaces in Mycenae are destroyed, probably by the so-called Sea Peoples from the west and south coasts of Turkey | |
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| c. 1300 BC |
| | | Mycenaean merchants trade as far west as Spain and have links with neolithic societies far away in the interior of Europe | |
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| c. 1200 BC |
| | | Mysterious raiders from the sea cause chaos throughout the eastern Mediterranean, from Greece to Palestine and Egypt | |
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| c. 900 BC |
| | | With the encouragements of Athens, non-Dorian Greeeks migrate to form colonies on the west coast of Anatolia | |
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| c. -850 BC |
| | | Citium, in Cyprus, is the first of many Phoenician colonies in the Mediterranean | |
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| c. 750 BC |
| | | Ionia emerges as a political entity, forming a league of twelve Greek cities in Asia Minor | |
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| c. 545 BC |
| | | Cyrus annexes the Greek territory of Ionia as part of his empire, giving Persia a presence on the Aegean | |
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